A doll is a model of a human being, often used as a toy for children. Dolls have traditionally been used in magic and religious rituals throughout the world, and traditional dolls made of materials like clay and wood are found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. The earliest documented dolls go back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome. Dolls being used as toys was documented in Greece around 100AD. They have been made as crude, rudimentay playthings as well as elaborate art. Modern doll manufacturing has its roots in Germany going back to the 15th century. With industrialization and the appearance of new materials like porcelain and plastic, dolls were increasingly mass produced. During the 20th century dolls became increasingly popular as collectibles.
[edit] History, types and materials
[edit] Early history and traditional dolls
The earliest dolls were made from available materials like
clay, stone,
wood,
bone,
ivory,
leather,
wax, etc.
Archaeological evidence places dolls as foremost candidate for oldest known
toy. Wooden
paddle dolls have been found in
Egyptian tombs which date to as early as
2000 BCE. Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BCE. Greek dolls were made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders. There are stories from ancient Greece around 100AD that show that dolls were used by little girls as playthings.
[1] In
Rome dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. When Greek and Roman girls got married they would dedicate their doll to a Goddess.
[2] Rag dolls are traditionally home-made from spare scraps of
cloth material. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300BC.
[3]
Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in childrens education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.
[4]
African dolls are used to teach, and entertain, they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary according to region and custom. Frequently dolls are handed down from mother to daughter.
Akuaba are wooden ritual
fertility dolls from
Ghana and nearby areas. The best known
akuaba are those of the
Ashanti people, whose
akuaba have large, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style of
akuaba.
There is a rich history of
Japanese traditional dolls dating back to the
Dogū figures (8000-200 BC) and
Haniwa funerary figures (300-600 AD). By the eleventh century dolls were used as playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During
Hinamatsuri, the doll festival, hina dolls are displayed. These are made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles.
Daruma dolls are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent
Bodhidharma, the East Indian who founded
Zen, and are used as good luck charms. Wooden
Kokeshi dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls.
The use of an
effigy to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such magical devices include the European
poppet and the
nkisi or
bocio of West and Central Africa. In European
folk magic and
witchcraft, poppet dolls are used to represent a person, for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the effigy will be transferred to the subject based in
sympathetic magic. The practice of sticking pins in so called
voodoo dolls have been associated with
African-American Hoodoo folk magic. Voodoo dolls are not a feature of
Haitian Vodou religion, but have been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Haiti. Likely the
voodoo doll concept in popular culture is influenced by the European poppet dolls.
[5] A
kitchen witch is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypical
witch or
crone and is displayed in residential kitchens as a means to provide good luck
[6] and ward off bad spirits.
[7]
Hopi Kachina dolls are effigies made of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the ceremonial
Kachina, the masked spirits of the
Hopi Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied, in order to learn the characteristics of each Kachina.
Inuit dolls are made out of
soapstone and
bone, materials common to the
Inuit people. Many are clothed with animal
fur or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional style of dress necessary to survive cold winters, wind, and snow. The tea dolls of the
Innu people were filled with tea for young girls to carry on long journeys.
Apple dolls are traditional North American dolls with a head made from dried apples. In
Inca mythology Sara Mama was the goddess of
grain. She was associated with
maize that grew in multiples or were similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Sara Mama.
Corn husk dolls are traditional
Native American dolls made out of the dried leaves or
husk of a
corncob.
[8] Traditionally they do not have a face. The making of corn husk dolls was adopted by early European settlers in the USA.
[9] Early settlers also made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, called
Pennywoods.
[10] La
última muñeca, or "the last doll", is a tradition of the
Quinceañera, the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of
Latin America. During this ritual the
quinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy.
[11] In the United States, dollmaking became an industry in the 1860s, after the Civil War.
[12]
Matryoshka dolls are traditional Russian dolls. They consist of a set of hollow wooden figures which open up and nest inside each other. The first set was carved in 1890.
[13] Traditionally the outer layer is a woman, dressed in a
sarafan, a long and shapeless traditional Russian peasant jumper dress. The figures inside may be of either gender; the smallest, innermost doll is typically a baby made from a single piece of wood. The painting of each doll can be elaborate. The dolls often follow a theme. Aside from the typical traditional peasant girls, the themes vary from fairy tale characters to
Soviet leaders.
In Germany clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and wooded doll making from the 15th century.
[14] Beginning about the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for
Nativity scene displays, chiefly in Italy.
[15] Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed.
[16] The German and Dutch
peg wooden dolls were cheap and simply made, and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe going back to the 16th century.
[17] Wood continued to be the dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.
[18] Through the 18th and 19th centuries wood was increasingly combined with other materials, like leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more articulate.
[18] It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until the
Victorian era when blue eyes became more popular, inspired by
Queen Victoria.
[19]
[edit] Industrial era
During the 19th century dolls' heads were often made of
porcelain and combined with a body of leather, cloth, wood, or
composite materials, like
papier-mâché or
composition, a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials.
[20][21] With the advent of
polymer and
plastic materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The low cost, ease of manufacture and durability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could be mass produced at a lower price. The earliest materials were
rubber and
celluloid. From the mid-20th century soft
vinyl became the dominant material, in particular for childrens dolls.
[22][23] Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market.
Synthetic resins like
polyurethane resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.
Colloquially the terms
porcelain doll,
bisque doll and
china doll are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make a distinction between
china dolls, made of
glazed porcelain, and
bisque dolls, made of unglazed
bisque porcelain. A typical antique china doll has a white glazed porcelain head with painted molded hair and a body made of
cloth or
leather. The name comes from
china being used to refer to the material porcelain. They were
mass produced in
Germany, peaking in popularity between 1840 and 1890, and selling in the millions.
[24][25][26] Parian dolls were also made in Germany, from around 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to china dolls but the head is not dipped in
glaze and has a matte finish.
[27] Bisque dolls are characterized by their realistic, skin-like
matte finish. They had their peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antique German and French bisque dolls from the 19th century were often made as children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly made directly for the collectors market.
[26][20][28]
Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predminantly made to represent grown-ups. Child-like dolls and the later ubiquitous baby doll did not appear until around 1850.
[26][29] But by the late century baby and child-like dolls had overtaken the market.
[26] Realistic, lifelike
wax dolls were popular in
Victorian England.
[30]
Paper dolls are cut out of paper, with separate clothes that are usually held onto the dolls by folding tabs. They often reflect contemporary styles, and 19th century
ballerina paper dolls were among the earliest
celebrity dolls. The 1930s
Shirley Temple doll sold millions and were one of the most successful celebrity dolls. Small celluloid
Kewpie dolls, based on illustrations by
Rose O'Neill, were popular in the early 20th century.
Madame Alexander created the first collectible doll based on a licensed character –
Scarlett O'Hara from
Gone with the Wind.
[31]
Contemporary
dollhouses have their roots in European
baby house display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but following the
Industrial Revolution and
World War II, they were increasingly mass produced and became more affordable. Children's dollhouses have during the 20th century been made of
tin litho, plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood.
The earliest modern
stuffed toys were made in 1880. They differ from earlier
rag dolls in that they are made of plush furlike fabric and commonly portray animals rather than humans.
[32] Teddy bears first appeared in 1902-1903.
[32][33]
Black dolls have been designed to resemble dark-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more accurate portrayals.
Rag dolls made by American
slaves served as playthings for slave children.
Golliwogg was a children's book rag doll character in the late 19th century which was widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very black skin, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy hair, and has been described as an
anti-black caricature.
[34] Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in the 1960s.
Fashion dolls are primarily designed to be dressed to reflect
fashion trends and are usually modeled after teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French
bisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are typically made of
vinyl.
Barbie from the American toy company
Mattel dominated the market from her inception in 1959.
[35] Bratz was the first doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006.
[36]
Plastic
action figures, often representing
superheroes, are particularly popular among boys.
[37] Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of a
media franchise which may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise.
Bobblehead dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a spring or hook
[38] in such a way that the head bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.
A
reborn doll, customized to realistically portray a human baby
With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are often similar to traditional
paper dolls and enable users to design virtual dolls and
drag and drop clothes onto dolls or images of actual people to play dress up. These include
KiSS,
Stardoll and
Dollz.
Also with the advent of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online.
Reborn dolls are vinyl dolls that has been customized to resemble a human baby with as much
realism as possible. They are often sold online through sites like
eBay.
[39][40] Asian
ball-jointed dolls (BJDs) are
cast in
synthetic resin in a style that has been described as both realistic and influenced by
anime.
[41][42][43] Asian BJDs and
Asian fashion dolls like
Pullip and
Blythe are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities.
[44][45]
[edit] Uses, appearances and issues
Since ancient times, dolls have played a central role in magic and religious rituals, or used as representations of a deity. Dolls have also traditionally been toys for children. Dolls are also collected by adults, for their nostalgic value, beauty, historical importance or financial value.
[46] Antique dolls which were originally made as children's playthings have become collector's items. Nineteenth-century
bisque dolls made by French manufacturers such as Bru and
Jumeau may be worth almost $22,000 today.
[47]
Dolls have traditionally been made as crude, rudimentay playthings as well as with elaborate, artful design.
[48] They have been created as
folk art in cultures around the globe, and in the 20th century,
art dolls began to be seen as
high art. Artist
Hans Bellmer made
surrealistic dolls that had interchangeable limbs in 1930s and 1940s
Germany as opposition to the
Nazi party's idolization of a perfect Aryan body.
[46] East Village artist
Greer Lankton became famous in the 1980s for her theatrical window displays of drug addicted, anorexic and mutant dolls.
[49]
Lifelike or
anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed wooden mannequins in drawing the human figure.
In Western society, a gender difference in the selection of toys has been observed and studied.
Action figures that represent traditional masculine traits are popular with boys, who are more likely to choose toys that have some link to
tools,
transportation,
garages,
machines and
military equipment.
Dolls for girls tend to represent feminine traits and come with such accessories as
clothing, kitchen appliances,
utensils,
furniture and
jewelry.
[50][51][52]
Pediophobia is a fear of dolls or similar objects.
[53][54] Psychologist Ernst Jentsch theorized that
uncanny feelings arise when there is an intellectual uncertainty about whether an object is alive or not.
Sigmund Freud further developed on these theories.
[55] Japanese roboticist
Masahiro Mori expanded on these theories to develop the
uncanny valley hypothesis. If an object is obviously enough non-human, its human characteristics will stand out, and be endearing. However, if that object reaches a certain threshold of human-like appearance, its non-human characteristics will stand out, and be disturbing.
[56]
[edit] Doll hospitals
A doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in the
restoration or repair of dolls.
[57] Doll hospitals can be found in countries around the world.
[58] One of the oldest doll hospitals was established in
Lisbon, Portugal in 1830,
[58] and another in
Melbourne, reputedly the first such establishment in Australia, was founded in 1888.
[57] There is a Doll Doctors Association in the United States.
[59] Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at his shop in northeast Paris for 43 years, says he has restored over 30,000 dolls in the course of his career. Most of the clients are not children, but adults in their 50s and 60s.
[47] Some doll brands, such as
American Girl and
Madame Alexander also offer doll hospital services for their own dolls.
[edit] Dolls and children's tales
Many books deal with dolls tales like
Wilhelmina. The adventures of a dutch doll. By Nora Pitt-Taylor, pictured by Gladys Hall.
[60] Rag dolls have featured in a number of children's stories, like the 19th century character
Golliwogg in
The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwogg by Bertha Upton and Florence K. Upton
[61] and
Raggedy Ann in the books by
Johnny Gruelle, first published in 1918.
The Lonely Doll is a 1957 children's book by Canadian
Dare Wright. The story, told through text and photographs, is about a doll named Edith and two teddy bears.
16.49
Doll
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